The Canadian Press | July 23, 2006
By Jim Bronskill

OTTAWA (CP) - A high-tech system to prevent terrorists and other criminals from obtaining passports will eventually contain the photos of some 21 million Canadians, new documents show. 

Canada's passport office has officially begun looking for a vendor to supply a computerized tool to screen applicant photos against images of suspects on security watch lists. 

Passport Canada's facial-recognition project, in the works for three years, represents one of the first large-scale federal forays into the sphere of biometrics. 

Biometric technologies use measurable characteristics, such as a person's facial image, iris scan or fingerprint, to confirm his or her identity. 

The systems have attracted security-conscious converts in the post 9-11 era, while raising concerns about undue surveillance among privacy advocates and civil libertarians. 

"We don't know really much about how these databases get made and who is programming them," said Simone Browne, a teacher and doctoral candidate at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education at the University of Toronto. 

"How is race reflected in this? And gender? And nationality?" 

A contract for the facial-recognition initiative is to be awarded by mid-November, said Francine Charbonneau, a Passport Canada spokeswoman. 

A regional trial will be conducted next spring with the aim of making the tool available to passport offices across the country by fall 2007. 

According to recently released project documents, the photos of one million passport applicants will initially be loaded into the database, with approximately four million new photos being added in each of the next five years. 

Passports are valid for five years, meaning the photos of all holders would be in the system by 2012. 

Applicant photos would be electronically compared with the millions of pictures in the database. Those renewing their passports could expect one match: the photo submitted with their last passport application. 

But an image match could reveal an applicant already has a passport under a different name. 

Applicant photos would also be run against pictures supplied by other federal departments and foreign governments, said Charbonneau. 

The aim is to prevent people who are ineligible for a passport, including national security risks and certain convicted criminals, from obtaining one. 

Officials have yet to decide which databases will be routinely compared, Charbonneau said. "We're only in talks with certain departments on seeing how we could benefit from their lookout list." 

Searching the database is expected to take just seconds. A match that raised concerns would trigger an investigation by passport agency security personnel. 

Critics of facial-recognition programs contend they are notoriously inaccurate and even have difficulty reading particular skin tones. 

Charbonneau insists the technology cannot be fooled by such things as gender, ethnicity or changes in appearance like a new hairstyle or eyeglasses. 

In a 2003 pilot project, officials tested a recognition program using 6,000 pairs of digitized photos. 

They increased the difficulty by scattering the images in an electronic database of another 143,000 photos of passport holders. 

The system matched photos correctly 75 to 90 per cent of the time, depending on image quality and the overall number of photos. 

Charbonneau says the technology has improved dramatically in the last few years. 

In addition, a match would lead to a manual comparison of photos as well as examination of data such as birth dates and other biographical details. 

"Facial recognition won't stand alone as the only way to ensure security integrity of the Canadian passport," she said. 

Only the most recent photo of a passport applicant would be in the database. Older photos will be removed and archived. 

Charbonneau said the millions of photos Passport Canada amasses won't be used for any purpose other than screening applicants. "Our photo database will not be shared with other parties at all." 

Still, Browne, whose research explores surveillance, race and identity documents, wants the Passport Office to provide more information about the matching process and exactly who will have access to the photos. 

"I think it just needs to be more of a transparent process."